Arab Conquest of Crete: What Happened
Around 824 to 827 AD, a group of Arab exiles from Andalusia in Spain, who had earlier taken over Alexandria in Egypt, sailed to Crete and conquered the island from the Byzantine Empire. Their leader was Abu Hafs Umar. According to a later legend, after landing, Abu Hafs burned his ships so that his followers could not turn back. The newcomers founded a fortified town called Rabḍ al-Khandaq, meaning Castle of the Moat, which became the island's capital. Its name eventually became Chandax, and later Candia, the origin of modern Heraklion. For nearly 140 years, Crete was an independent Muslim emirate. It became a major base for pirates and raiders who attacked the coasts and islands of the Aegean, carrying off captives who were sold in slave markets. The Byzantines made several attempts to retake the island, all of which failed, including a major expedition in 949. The emirate also became a prosperous trading center. Byzantine rule over Crete was restored only in 961, after a determined campaign by the general Nikephoros Phokas.
Frequently Asked Questions
When did the Arabs conquer Crete?
Arab exiles from Andalusia in Spain, who had earlier taken over Alexandria, conquered Crete from the Byzantine Empire around 824 to 827 AD.
Who led the Arab conquest of Crete?
The conquest was led by Abu Hafs Umar. According to legend, he burned his ships after landing so that his followers could not turn back.
How is Heraklion linked to the Emirate of Crete?
The Arabs founded a fortified town called Rabd al-Khandaq, meaning Castle of the Moat. Its name became Chandax, later Candia, the origin of modern Heraklion.
What was the Emirate of Crete known for?
The emirate became a base for pirates and raiders who attacked the coasts and islands of the Aegean. It was also a prosperous trading center.
How long did the Arabs rule Crete?
Arab rule lasted nearly 140 years, until the Byzantine general Nikephoros Phokas recaptured the island in 961 AD.
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