Asia Minor Campaign: What Happened
From 1919 to 1922, Greece fought a war in Anatolia against the Turkish national movement led by Mustafa Kemal, later known as Atatürk. After landing at Smyrna in 1919, the Greek army expanded its zone of control, with Allied approval, to secure the territory promised to Greece. In November 1920, Venizelos unexpectedly lost the elections, and King Constantine I returned to the throne after a referendum. The change caused the Allies, especially France and Italy, to withdraw support, and many experienced Venizelist officers were replaced. Nevertheless, the Greek government decided to continue the war and launched offensives deeper into Anatolia. In 1921, the Greek army advanced toward Ankara, the Turkish nationalist capital, but was stopped at the Sakarya River. For a year, the front stood still, while the Greek army was stretched thin across a long line far from its supply bases. In August 1922, the Turkish army launched a massive counteroffensive, and the Greek front collapsed. The campaign ended in the Asia Minor Catastrophe, the destruction of Smyrna and the end of the Greek presence in Anatolia.
Frequently Asked Questions
What was the Asia Minor Campaign?
The Asia Minor Campaign was the war between Greece and the Turkish national movement from 1919 to 1922, fought in western and central Anatolia.
Why did the Allies stop supporting Greece?
After Venizelos lost the November 1920 elections and King Constantine returned, France and Italy withdrew support, distrusting Constantine.
How far did the Greek army advance?
In 1921, the Greek army advanced toward Ankara, the Turkish nationalist capital, but was stopped at the Sakarya River.
How did the Asia Minor Campaign end?
In August 1922, the Turkish army launched a massive counteroffensive. The Greek front collapsed, leading to the Asia Minor Catastrophe.
Who led the Turkish forces?
The Turkish national forces were led by Mustafa Kemal, later known as Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey.
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