Battle of Actium: What Happened
On 2 September 31 BC, the fleet of Octavian, commanded by his general Marcus Agrippa, defeated the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt at Actium, near the entrance to the Ambracian Gulf on the western coast of Greece, close to modern Preveza. The battle decided the final Roman civil war. Antony's forces had been blockaded in the gulf for months, suffering from disease, desertions and shortages. Antony tried to break out with his fleet. During the battle, Cleopatra's squadron suddenly sailed through a gap in the lines and headed for Egypt, and Antony followed with a small group of ships, abandoning the rest of his fleet and army. Most of his remaining ships were destroyed or surrendered, and his land army went over to Octavian within days. Antony and Cleopatra both took their own lives in Alexandria the following year, and Egypt became a Roman province. Octavian was now sole ruler of the Roman world. In 27 BC, he received the name Augustus and became Rome's first emperor, ending the Republic.
Frequently Asked Questions
What was the Battle of Actium?
The Battle of Actium, on 2 September 31 BC, was a naval battle off western Greece in which Octavian's fleet defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt.
Who commanded Octavian's fleet at Actium?
Octavian's fleet was commanded by his close friend and general Marcus Agrippa, a skilled admiral who deserves much of the credit for the victory.
Why did Cleopatra leave the Battle of Actium?
During the battle, Cleopatra's squadron sailed through a gap and headed for Egypt, and Antony followed. Historians still debate whether it was a planned escape or panic.
What happened to Antony and Cleopatra?
Both took their own lives in Alexandria in 30 BC as Octavian closed in. Egypt then became a Roman province.
Where is Actium today?
Actium is at the entrance to the Ambracian Gulf, near modern Preveza in western Greece. Octavian later built Nicopolis nearby to celebrate his victory.
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