Liberation of Ioannina: What Happened
In February 1913, during the First Balkan War, the Greek army captured Ioannina, the main city of Epirus, after a long and difficult siege. Ioannina was strongly defended by the Ottoman army under Esat Pasha, protected by a ring of forts on the surrounding mountains, especially Bizani, which blocked the southern approach to the city. Greek attacks in late 1912 and early 1913 failed with heavy losses in harsh winter conditions. In January 1913, Crown Prince Constantine took personal command of the Epirus front and brought reinforcements from Macedonia. On 20 February 1913, the Greeks launched a major offensive. While artillery and diversionary attacks pinned down the defenders at Bizani, Greek troops advanced through a gap in the Ottoman line to the west, threatening to cut off the city. Esat Pasha recognized that his position was hopeless and surrendered on the night of 20 to 21 February, and the Greek army entered Ioannina on 21 February 1913. Ioannina became part of Greece, and 21 February is celebrated every year as the city's liberation day.
Frequently Asked Questions
When was Ioannina liberated?
The Greek army entered Ioannina on 21 February 1913, during the First Balkan War, after a long and difficult siege.
What was the fortress of Bizani?
Bizani was a strong Ottoman fortress on a mountain south of Ioannina, blocking the approach to the city and holding off Greek attacks for months.
Who led the Greek army at Ioannina?
Crown Prince Constantine took personal command of the Epirus front in January 1913 and led the final offensive.
How did the Greeks capture Ioannina?
While artillery pinned down Bizani, Greek troops advanced through a gap in the Ottoman line, threatening to cut off the city. Esat Pasha then surrendered.
How does Ioannina celebrate its liberation?
Ioannina celebrates its liberation every year on 21 February with parades and ceremonies throughout the city.
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