Siege of Candia: What Happened
From 1648 to 1669, the Ottoman Empire besieged Candia, modern Heraklion, the capital of Venetian Crete, in one of the longest sieges in history. The Ottomans had invaded Crete in 1645 and quickly captured Chania and Rethymno, but Candia, protected by massive fortifications, held out. For over twenty years, the defenders, supported by the Venetian navy, resisted repeated assaults, mining and bombardment. The siege became a cause across Christian Europe, and volunteers came from France, Germany, the Papal States and elsewhere, including a French expedition in 1669 that failed with heavy losses. Tens of thousands died on both sides. In 1667, the Ottoman grand vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha arrived to press the siege with new energy. By 1669, the city's walls were shattered and its defenders exhausted. The Venetian commander, Francesco Morosini, negotiated an honorable surrender, and the surviving defenders and many inhabitants were allowed to leave. Crete passed to Ottoman rule, which lasted until 1898. Morosini later took revenge, leading the Venetian campaign to conquer the Peloponnese.
Frequently Asked Questions
What was the Siege of Candia?
The Siege of Candia was an Ottoman siege of the Venetian capital of Crete, modern Heraklion, lasting from 1648 to 1669. It was one of the longest sieges in history.
How long did the Siege of Candia last?
The siege lasted about 21 years, from 1648 until the city surrendered in September 1669, costing tens of thousands of lives on both sides.
Who defended Candia?
The Venetians defended Candia with help from volunteers across Christian Europe, including a French expedition in 1669. The commander at the end was Francesco Morosini.
How did the Siege of Candia end?
By 1669, the city's walls were shattered and its defenders exhausted. Morosini negotiated an honorable surrender, and survivors were allowed to leave.
Can you see the Venetian walls of Heraklion?
Yes. The massive Venetian walls of Heraklion still surround the old city, and the Koules fortress guards the harbor. The writer Nikos Kazantzakis is buried on the walls.
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