Sparta Earthquake and Helot Revolt: What Happened
In 464 BC, a devastating earthquake struck Sparta, destroying much of the city and killing large numbers of its citizens, including many young men. Sparta's enslaved population, the helots, saw their chance. Many of them, especially in Messenia, rose in revolt, and the rebels fortified themselves on Mount Ithome, beginning what is often called the Third Messenian War. Unable to take the stronghold, Sparta called on its allies for help, including Athens. The pro-Spartan Athenian leader Cimon persuaded the assembly to send a force of hoplites. But the Spartans soon grew suspicious of the democratic Athenians, fearing they might sympathize with the rebels, and sent them home. The insult caused outrage in Athens. Cimon was ostracized, the democratic reformers gained power, and Athens broke its alliance with Sparta. The helot revolt dragged on for years before the rebels surrendered and were allowed to leave the Peloponnese. The Athenians settled them at Naupaktos. The episode deepened the rivalry between Athens and Sparta that later exploded into the Peloponnesian War.
Frequently Asked Questions
What happened in Sparta in 464 BC?
In 464 BC, a devastating earthquake destroyed much of Sparta and killed many of its citizens. The helots, Sparta's enslaved population, took the opportunity to revolt.
Who were the helots?
The helots were a state-owned serf population, mostly in Laconia and Messenia, who farmed land for Spartan citizens and handed over part of their harvest. They greatly outnumbered the Spartans.
What was the Third Messenian War?
The Third Messenian War was the helot revolt after the earthquake of 464 BC. The rebels fortified Mount Ithome and resisted for years before surrendering.
Why did Sparta send the Athenians home?
Sparta asked its allies, including Athens, for help. But the Spartans grew suspicious that the democratic Athenians might sympathize with the rebels and sent them home, insulting Athens.
How did the helot revolt affect Athens and Sparta?
The insult led to Cimon's ostracism and the end of the Athenian-Spartan alliance. It deepened the rivalry that later exploded into the Peloponnesian War.
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